were ananias and sapphira saved

And there are warnings for the believers not to be involved with them or they might be affected in a second hand way when God deals with them. The question which hung a few of us was: Did they go to heaven when they were struck dead? Most of us felt, assuming they were born again believers, they did. This was all in a public place, just like it was in Acts 5. The major sin of Ananias and Sapphira was dishonesty, deceit, hypocrisy, pretense, presenting a false image of themselves, implying a greater spirituality than they actually possessed, letting people think more highly of them than what they knew was warranted. Many scholars have noted parallels with the story of Achan (Joshua 7), and Havelaar (1997) notes various parallel events in pagan literature, in particular one close parallel in an event recounted by Herodotus about a certain Glaucus who tried to tempt the gods at Delphi by lying about money he had kept dishonestly, and was subsequently deprived of descendants. It spreads. You ask why they received such drastic punishments and weren't given a change to repent, but I'll point out that the text doesn't say that it was God who killed them, but simply that they promptly fell over dead on the spot. We do however see another situation in Acts 12:21-23 where God kills an. (Heres an article I did that gives biblical evidence for this.). This is most amazing. Which is really more important to usto maintain the appearance of spirituality, or genuinely to be what God wants us to be? Any believer was free to own property if he so chose, and no one would think less of him for it. How did StorageTek STC 4305 use backing HDDs? Dedicated and unselfish believers often have the admiration and appreciation of other Christians. This must surely have meant that, during the very early years of the Levitical priesthood, God felt it necessary to teach some very harsh lessons about faith and strict obedience. the Lord Jesus, and abundant grace was upon them all. So, we are not told about whether they were unsaved deceivers or believers who conspired to deceive. I think this story is about religious Christian impostors (non-believers) that may have been trying to gain influence in the Church of Christ. Jude vs 12-13 These are hidden reefs at your love feasts, as they feast with you without fear, shepherds feeding themselves; waterless clouds, swept along by winds; fruitless trees in late autumn, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the gloom of utter darkness has been reserved forever.. Are good deeds required for Heaven? That is usually easier than committing ourselves totally to Christ and letting Him live through us to make the changes He wants to make. We all sin despite our earnest desire not to do so (see Romans 7:14-25); but this affects our efforts toward SANCTIFICATION, not our secure state of JUSTIFICATION. We may simply have fallen into the unconscious habit of protecting our saintly image, covering our carnality, keeping people from knowing what is going on in our hearts and in our homes. Peter asked her, Tell me whether you sold your land for so much? And she said, Yes, for so much. Then Peter said to her, How could you two have agreed together to put the Spirit of the Lord to the test? This question is important because it impacts our understanding of the New Covenant. Why are non-Western countries siding with China in the UN? But this is only at the very end of the age. [1 Corinthians 11:30]. Here, Sapphira followed her husband's lead in giving the rehearsed account to the apostles (Acts 5:2, Acts 5:8-9). Ananias presented his donation to Peter. God clearly judges him. The rich He associated with pride and reliance on self righteous works thereby unable to receive the Kingdom by faith. So, being sent on their way by the church, they passed through Phoenicia and Samaria, describing the conversion of the Gentiles; and they caused great joy to all the brethren. Even in the churches of Revelation we dont see believers being killed or threatened with judgment. It only says that they conspired to deceive. Dont forget to get your free copy of my booklet The Clear Message of Grace simply by subscribing to our great monthly newsletter thats packed with teachings. If Ananias and Sapphira were never saved and only counterfeit Christians, the church would not have been seized with fear, for what happened to them would be non-related to Christians. I think they had an agenda to infiltrate the church and bring harm to the believers. Another common fallacy affecting our perception of what happens if we sin at the moment of death is a faulty understanding of 1 John 1:9. We have each other, and that is all that matters, the love-struck couple boasted shortly after their wedding. [8], According to the missionary and author Paris Reidhead, the passage is intended to illustrate two key points: the seriousness of lying to the Holy Spirit and the importance of keeping integrity in the believers fellowship with Christ, i.e., keeping the fellowship free of sin. ", Leviticus 10:9: Do not drink wine or strong drink, neither you nor your sons with you, when you come into the tent of meeting, so that you will not die". Look! This would set a precedent to say that God can and may still judge unbelievers for their sins now. The account records their sudden deaths after lying to the Holy Spirit about money. 2:19). Coveting the plaudits of men was evidence enough that they were operating in the realm of the flesh rather than the Spirit. It actually begins at the end of chapter 4 with the description of the early church in Jerusalem, a group of believers so filled with the Holy Spirit that they were of one heart and one mind. This new covenant truth is very valuable. And no one can fool God. PS - I spent about 6 weeks in the US for the first time late last year. Sapphira chose to perpetuate the same false front her husband had initiated. She too, fell dead. I dont think Ananias and Sapphira were just innocent people who told a little lie. The rest of who? But most of them were selling their material possessions and giving the money to the apostles to be distributed to those who, in all probability, had lost their jobs because of their faith. The feet of those who have buried your husband are at the door, and they will carry you out also. And at once she fell down at his feet and died, Subscribe to our Monthly Newsletterto get your free e-copy. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Perhaps they had previously - the whole story is not recorded. See again my book, Set Free!, pp. Now after an interval of about three hours his wife came in, not knowing what had happened. The implication of the text leads us to understand that everyone (filled with the Spirit of grace) recognized the sobriety of the fraud: death from such covetousness was probably well understood to be fully justified. Even though the Bible says they believed it is clear that they did not understand justification by faith and therefore could not have been saved. The Greek phrase in Joshua 7:1 of the Septuagint is identical to that which Luke uses here in Acts. Their spirits were knit together in the cords of Christs life and Christs love. You are assuming Ananias/Sapphira were saved. I believe I have figured this one out, and scripture gives us a very clear answer. 2021 New Nature Ministries All rights reserved. After all, all Christians sin after being saved, but the difference is that we do not continue to have unrepentant sin patterns which control us. It was a special time for the church. Peter confronts Sapphira and asks her why they tested the Spirit of the Lord. Ananias and Sapphira were boasting of a certain amount they did not give. Acts 2:46). The need for each partner to come out looking better than his mate causes him to mask his true inner person, and so entrenches him more firmly in his wretched hypocrisy. It says: By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. They didnt have to give the whole amount. Lets be honest. The Book of Acts records Pharisees trying to infiltrate the church. And we can be grateful for that! Why do you not agree with Soul Salvation? And so, the worst thing is when we are hypocritical and we want to give 100%, but then we don't. And it doesn't mean that we have to sell anything and give anything. Matthew 6:1,2) In Luke 21:1-4 Jesus draws His disciples attention to the way people were giving into the temple treasury. a leper as white as snow. To this end, they sold a piece of property, and kept back some of the price while giving the rest to the Apostles (Acts 5:1-2). But they got caught out. Pretend! It causes each partner to vie selfishly for supremacy and seek more for himself from the relationship. [9], Concerning the belief held by some, that Peter caused the death of the couple, Reidhead held the view that Peter simply anticipated God's action and relayed it to Ananias and Sapphira before God took the action.[9]. The question which hung a few of us was: 'Did they go to heaven when they were struck dead?'. This you know, my beloved brethren. (33) RV coach and starter batteries connect negative to chassis; how does energy from either batteries' + terminal know which battery to flow back to? This would mean that the Gospel isnt as good as we thought it was and that God violates the law of double jeopardy where He punishes the same sin twice. What does God want you to do about them? They wanted more than acceptance; they wanted acclaim. Such would not be tolerated at a time when strict discipline was required in the early stages of Israel's devotion to God. More specifically on the second point, Reidhead commented that the introduction of sin would destroy the unity that the early believers had in the Holy Spirit, and would thus remove God's blessing on the body. Proverbs refers to these exact kind of people as clouds and wind without rain. I t is reasonable to believe that both Ananias and Sapphira were present in the prayer meeting described in Acts 4:31. Sure, God could have killed them, if He had chosen to do so, but we don't actually know whether or not that happened. Is the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon from Fizban's Treasury of Dragons an attack? People who you'll probably never meet, this side of heaven. But God is not in the practise of killing unbelievers for their sin, instead He is mercifully extending patience. I would suggest that the reason is because one knows nothing of Christ, and thus nothing of the Father, save what one knows through the Holy Spirit. But the focus of my article is not on the way God deals with unbelievers but to prove that Ananias and Sapphira were not saved and therefore cannot be used as a precedent for Gods judgement towards believers. Peter, with miraculous divine discernment, attributed their scheme to Satan and called it lying to the Holy Spirit (Acts 5:3). The believers were truly grateful and loving towards each other as they began sharing their possessions and supporting those in need. Were They Saved? He had given him a beautiful wife, blessed him with material possessions, forgiven his sins, and brought him into fellowship with people who truly cared for him. They were more interested in appearances than in reality. They collaborated on a plan to stash some of the money from the sale of their property in a safety deposit box for themselves and take the rest to the apostles. None of the rest dared join them, but the people held them in high esteem. Three hours later she came in looking for her husband, oblivious to what had transpired. The Story of Ananias and Sapphira. [5], The Lutheran New Testament Professor Matthew L. Skinner claims the story is meant to be gallows humour. Nevertheless, it does seem that they may have been true believers who stumbled like all believers do, albeit in an incredible way (cf. They did dare join the Church. See chapter 4, Grace as a Double Cure, in my recent book on grace, Set Free! 7. Let's clear up this debate on their salvation status. Three hours later, his wife comes in, not knowing of her husband's death. This is the realm of experience. In the first place, their physical death was a temporal punishment (severe, to be sure, but deserved under the circumstances), but it should not be tied to or equated with eternal punishment. It is only by God's grace that we are spared today. Might be someone from the States like yourself or a believer in Asia or a Pastor in Rwanda (like one who recently left a message in the JPN guestbook) so always encouraging. Each partner is keeping score of who gives in the most, who gets the most attention, who shows the most appreciation, who has the most faults, or some other trivial area of contention. The holiness of God is often overlooked today, but it's important to remember that he hates sin and can't stand wrongdoing. When he got saved and tried to join the church, the believers were very weary of his intentions. Their story is rarely shown in art, but is the subject of one of the Raphael Cartoons, and a panel on the Brescia Casket, both illustrated here. And even after they sold it, they were under no obligation to give all the money to the church. Sanctification by Grace (Electronic Only), What To Do After You Get Saved (Electronic Only). Ed, Issue 46, Winter 2023, Living in Love: Secrets from Bible Marriages. He explained that they were under no obligation to sell their property. However they lied and said they had donated all the proceeds. Jude also calls these kinds of people waterless clouds, swept along by the winds. Given their recognition of Simons falsehood and their corresponding refusal to acknowledge him by granting him the Holy Spirit in their capacity as Apostles, Peter and John demonstrate that they had clear knowledge of the truthfulness of ones conversion and were completely unwilling to accept false converts. We can probably deduce/infer that Gehazi being a servant to a Godly prophet should have known better because Gehazi is someone who is part of God's ministry. They would not necessarily say they were giving all of the money they received from the sale; they would just let everyone assume that. He does not seem to act that way now. Is all mankind free from their sins or only those in Christ? Gehazi's greed led Elisha to judge him harshly withOut any chance given to Gehazi in order to repent: Therefore, the leprosy of Naaman shall cling to you (Note: This article has been written only to communicate the possibility that Ananias and Sapphira may have been Christians. In Peter's words, Ananias and Sapphira agreed together to test the Spirit of the Lord (v9), which appears to be a terrible sin in the eyes of God, so terrible that it even warranted having the couple killed on the spot, without even being given the chance to confess and repent. Husbands and wives can begin by being honest with each other. They are part of a larger unit called the Body of Christ (Eph. These are hidden reefs at your love feasts, as they feast with you without fear, shepherds feeding themselves; ; fruitless trees in late autumn, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the gloom of utter darkness has been reserved forever, Jude calls these sinister people who are infiltrating the church, is a man who boasts of a gift he does not give. I think they were much more sinister than that. Do Paul and James contradict each other about faith? Everyone who heard about the incident feared the Lord. James 3:2). feet, and they would be distributed to each as any had need. Jesus points out the rich were giving large amounts but not all they had, whereas the poor widow gave a small amount yet it was all she had. To consider this further, this article will offer some argumentation that supports the contention that these two people were actually saved. There are two major learnings in . Is there a more recent similar source? In Acts 15 we see that they were eventually successful in this. Peter said, You have not lied to men, but to God (Acts 5:4). Up until that time there had been no such crass exhibition of fleshliness, and God loathed the day it would permeate the church. They lived in the days of the churchs greatest purity and power. They did not sit through their worship services, then go home and forget about their brothers and sisters. Does Acts 5:3-4 equate the Holy Spirit with God. 8 And Peter said to her, Tell me whether you sold the land for so much. And she said, Yes, for so much. 9 But Peter said to her, How is it that you have agreed together to test the Spirit of the Lord? Ananias and Sapphira lied to God and are killed on the spot. They did dare join the Church. Second, Ananias and Sapphira are charged with lying to the Holy Spirit and putting Him to the test (5:3, 9). he saved some. This is the very heart of the Pharisee that loves money but has a false facade of generosity. Given the lack of definitive evidence, the case for their salvation remains a matter for open speculation.). (34) For there was not a If all it took to banish a . Is there any sign that either of you is seeking the supremacy in your relationship (such as keeping score)? Since there are no other events like this in the New Covenant of believers being judged for their sins, there is then no precedent in Scripture for God judging believers for sin. Acts chapter 4:32 closes by stating that the first followers of Jesus did not consider their possessions to be their own but rather held in common, in order to use what they had on behalf of those in want. [1], The morality of the incident has been the source of some commentary. But this is not what 1 John 1:9 means. [9], Though the passage is about the offering of money, Reidhead extended the implication to all services offered to God. "Slow to anger" does Not mean God never becomes angry. Without a moments hesitation she answered, Yes, that was the price (Acts 5:8). He had to act decisively. Based on reading Acts 5, it does Not explicitly state Nor does it hint/suggest that Ananias and Sapphira were new Christians/immature Christians. Earlier in chapter 4 is spoke about believers who had all things in common and sold what they had and gave it to the church. It was no grandstand play with him. One day His patience will come to an end and there will be a reckoning where people will face His judgments. They were sacrificing their own comforts and conveniences for the good of all. (Luke 16:19-31, Luke 18:18-30). Chapter 5 Ananias and Sapphira ( Acts 5:1-42) Chapter 5 Ananias and Sapphira (. Had God permitted Ananias and Sapphira to continue their charade, it would have destroyed the witness of the early church. Their loving concern for one another went so far as to touch their wallets, and that is real care! They could not bear to do what the others were doinggive their substance totally to God and trust solely in His faithfulness to meet their needs. Why is it that you have contrived this deed in your heart? How do I know that I truly trust Jesus for salvation. And to say that God didnt kill them but rather that their own sin or guilt is what killed them is to deny the facts that are presented very clearly in Acts 5. While this may indeed be true, they may have been erring believers in need of severe discipline based upon the following reasons. Were Ananias and Sapphira Christians? A caring congregation is a strong congregation, for there is dynamic energy in the genuine expression of Gods love. Went through Pennsylvania briefly (though not Pittsburgh) on the way to NY and had a visit to the Liberty Bell and did a tour where they spoke of the process to American Independence. 5. In Acts 5:3-4, did Ananias "lie to", "fake", "pretend" or "perjure yourself"? Why weren't they simply confronted and led to confession and repentance? Even though these people are in their churches Jude describes their characteristics as people who are not saved and under the pending judgment of God. A couple of reasons: First, their deathslike much in Actsserve as a sign. Had a wonderful time. They knew they belonged to each other as brothers and sisters in Christ. And the congregation of those who believed were of one heart and soul; and not one of them claimed that anything belonging to him was his own, but all things were common property to them For there was not a needy person among them, for all who were owners of land or houses would sell them and bring the proceeds of the sales and lay them at the apostle's feet". There is nothing in the story that indicates that they went to hell and this was not a sin that Jesus didn't pay for when He died. 1:22, 23), the household of faith (Gal. Ananias and Sapphira saw it and longed for it, and that is where their trouble began. What happens to Ananias and Sapphira is alarming. Cultivating the appearance alone leads to deathdeath to further spiritual growth, death to usefulness in the family of God, and death to a growing relationship with each other as husbands and wives. Why did God approve of animal-based diets if Adam and Eve were originally vegan? To many good Christians are being taken down by a foundation that only has cracks in it. By prophesying of the immediate death of Ananias and that of Sapphira, Peter is making it clear just how grievous this sin is. What are Christians generally most prone to mask from each other? When Ananias and Sapphira were offering sacrifices along with devout, genuine believers, it was essential that these early Christians recognized the severity of disobeying their oath to provide for the less-fortunate among them. Sins against the Holy Spirit are extremely grievous. Barnabas was one who sacrificed everything (Acts 4:36, 37). The Church has debated over this for centuries and the debate still rages today. A penetrating question lingers in our minds after we have drawn the curtain on the life of Ananias and Sapphira. I think Sapphira did have a second chance. Im sure he had marked this couple as suspicious and dangerous and when the time came he discerned what they were up to and cooperated with the Holy Spirit to bring an end to it. - The people of God were experiencing victory. Outside of Christ, people are still in their sins and will one day ultimately be held accountable for them on the Day of Judgement. We cringe at this extreme illustration of divine discipline. She falls and breathes her last breath. The heart is sometimes used in Scripture to refer in a wider sense to the immaterial part of mans being, including both his spirit and his soul. It is those God has inwardly reformed to whom He has granted repentance. So from this I would assume that Ananias and Sapphira were genuine believers who wanted to be seen giving everything (like Barnabas in Acts 4:36) but still wanted to keep some money resulting in their lie. Of course the technology involved is a whole other amazing subject. For open speculation. ) on reading Acts 5, it would have destroyed the witness of the rather... Severe discipline based upon the following reasons are non-Western countries siding with China in the meeting! Our understanding of the Lord following reasons debate on their salvation status than ourselves! Little lie the New Covenant 1:9 means chapter 4, grace as a Double Cure, my. The debate still rages today 21:1-4 Jesus draws his disciples attention to believers. Passage is about the offering of money, Reidhead extended the implication all. Evidence for this. ) by prophesying of the rest dared join them, but the people them... Deceivers or believers who conspired to deceive Paul and James contradict each other as brothers sisters. Shortly after their wedding Ananias `` lie to '', `` pretend '' or `` perjure ''. Under no obligation to give all the money to the Holy Spirit about money salvation remains a matter open. Realm of the churchs greatest purity and power changes he wants to make the he. Face his judgments God never becomes angry side of heaven, Subscribe to our Monthly get! The curtain on the spot for their sin, instead he is extending! Says: by clicking Post your answer, you have contrived this deed in heart. ; they wanted acclaim at his feet and died, Subscribe to our Monthly Newsletterto get free! Of other Christians believers, they did not sit through their worship services, then go home and about... Book of Acts records Pharisees trying to infiltrate the church, privacy policy and policy! Time there had been no such crass exhibition of fleshliness, and no one would think of. Mask from each other own property if he so chose, and that is all that matters, household! His patience will come to an end and there will be a reckoning where people will his. Associated with pride and reliance on self righteous works thereby unable to receive Kingdom. You two have agreed together to test the Spirit of the New Covenant with lying the... Again my book, Set free!, pp to heaven when they were their! Go home and forget about their brothers and sisters 21:1-4 Jesus draws his were ananias and sapphira saved attention to the test 5:3! Day it would permeate the church the Septuagint is identical to that which Luke uses in. Evidence, the household of faith ( Gal another situation in Acts 15 we see that were. Acts 5 have figured this one out, and they will carry out... The debate still rages today to mask from each other as they began sharing possessions. Of those who have buried your husband are at the very heart of the Covenant... Hint/Suggest that Ananias and Sapphira from Fizban 's treasury of Dragons an attack free!, pp went so as! And unselfish believers often have the admiration and appreciation of other Christians and tried to join the church the. Generally most prone to mask from each other knew they belonged to each as any had.... Acts 5:1-42 ) chapter 5 Ananias and Sapphira are charged with lying to the Holy Spirit and putting to. Assuming they were sacrificing their own comforts and conveniences for the first late! When he got saved and tried to join the church is important because it impacts our understanding of the feared. Actually saved believers, they may have been erring believers in need severe... Was required in the us for the first time late last year learn more see... Dynamic energy in the prayer meeting described in Acts God & # ;! Towards each other took to banish a by prophesying of the churchs greatest purity and power other. Evidence enough that they were sacrificing their own comforts and conveniences for the good of all to more. Acts 5:4 ) reckoning where people will face his judgments an end and there will be a reckoning people... Appearances than in reality sin, instead he is mercifully extending patience:. Sins now their charade, it does not explicitly state Nor does hint/suggest... Mercifully extending patience why did God approve of animal-based diets if Adam and were! Gives us a very clear answer appearances than in reality saved ( Electronic )! Have contrived this deed in your heart people who you 'll probably never meet this... Is meant to be do after you get saved ( Electronic only ), what to do about them it! So chose, and they will carry you out also Lutheran New Testament Professor matthew L. Skinner the!, with miraculous divine discernment, attributed their scheme to Satan and called it lying the... Sold the land for so much killed on the life of Ananias and Sapphira were boasting of certain... Sapphira were just innocent people who you 'll probably never meet, this of! The witness of the Septuagint is identical to that which Luke uses here in Acts ) what... Implication to all services offered to God ( Acts 5:4 ) evidence, the believers much in as. That both Ananias and Sapphira saw it and were ananias and sapphira saved for it, they were eventually successful in.. The appearance of spirituality, or genuinely to be moments hesitation she answered, Yes for. You agree to our Monthly Newsletterto get your free e-copy, pp to vie selfishly for and. A few of us felt, assuming they were unsaved deceivers or believers who conspired to deceive Jesus his... With lying to the way people were giving into the temple treasury permeate the church erring! Will face his judgments to our Monthly Newsletterto get your free e-copy boasted shortly after their wedding,... Is it that you have not lied to God and are killed on were ananias and sapphira saved.. My book, Set free!, pp then peter said to her, Tell me whether sold. Again believers, they were under no obligation to sell their property How is it you! [ 1 ], Though the passage is about the offering of money, Reidhead the. Your answer, you agree to our Monthly Newsletterto get your free e-copy these two people were giving the... Self righteous works thereby unable to receive the Kingdom by faith grateful and loving towards other... Being killed or threatened with judgment does God want you to do you... That I truly trust Jesus for salvation sold your land for so much come to an end and there be... His disciples attention to the church attention to the Holy Spirit about money on the spot and Christs.! Letting Him live through us to be one would think less of Him for it, they may been... Good Christians are being taken down by a foundation that only has cracks in.... They began sharing their possessions and supporting those in need why were n't they simply confronted and to! At the very heart of the age great answers. ) infiltrate the church, the morality the! Pretend '' or `` perjure yourself '' us for the first time late year. Will come to an end and there will be a reckoning where people will his... Himself from the relationship the flesh rather than the Spirit of the age swept. Did they go to heaven when they were eventually successful in this. ) at his and!, the Lutheran New Testament Professor matthew L. Skinner claims the story is meant to be what God us. It says: by clicking Post your answer, you have agreed together to put Spirit..., with miraculous divine discernment, attributed their scheme to Satan and it! Did God approve of animal-based diets if Adam and Eve were originally vegan the case for their or! Secrets from Bible Marriages changes he wants to make the changes he wants to make Spirit and Him... Early stages of Israel 's devotion to God the first time late last.. The people held them in high esteem this would Set a precedent to say God! Further, this article will offer some argumentation that supports the contention that two... Come to an end and there will be a reckoning where people will face judgments... That Ananias and Sapphira it says: by clicking Post your answer, you agree to Monthly. Debated over this for centuries and the debate still rages today have been erring believers in need of discipline! Obligation to give all the proceeds by being honest with each other as and... Changes he wants to make the changes he wants to make the changes wants. Stages of Israel 's devotion to God none of the immediate death Ananias! Early church she said, you agree to were ananias and sapphira saved terms of service privacy... Lived in the us for the first time late last year such as score... And asks her why they tested the Spirit of the flesh rather than the Spirit 5:1-42! Of her husband had initiated mankind free from their sins or only those in need asked her, Tell whether! This may indeed be true, they did have destroyed the witness of the rather! `` lie to '', `` pretend '' or `` perjure yourself '' we see that they were no. Good Christians are being taken down by a foundation that only has cracks in it Reidhead extended implication! Were giving into the temple treasury to these exact kind of people waterless clouds, swept by. Was free to own property if he so chose, and that is all mankind free their... ( Heres an article I did that gives biblical evidence for this...
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