hydrothermal vent bacteria

Four pure cultures, obtained by serial dilution and colonies picked from roll tubes, were designated A6 and BB4 (13°N), and EX25 and EX97 (9°N). Genomic islands (GI’s), notably pathogenicity islands, contribute to the evolution and diversification of microbial life. Apparently, the answer lies in sticking together. Fatty acid unsaturation is a critical cellular process shown to be essential for growth under high pressure by increasing the rigidity of membranes and genes like delta-9 fatty acid desaturase are presumably up-regulated to increase membrane unsaturation and fluidity (48). A. woodii has a lower hydrogen threshold, and it can't produce as much energy from converting CO2 to methane as methanogenic archaea. The presence of an integrase gene, together with a G+C content atypical to the chromosomal G+C, and at least seven major regions of disagreement, including pre-CTX prophage, SI, Vibrio pathogenicity island 2 (VPI-2), ORF: 4331–4339, ORF: 4301–4312, ORF: 3898–3902, and ORF: 1829–1846, suggests these regions are subject to horizontal gene transfer or chromosomal integration via phage, but might have a necessary function in the deep-sea habitat. Using a conventional Blast search, V. antiquarius EX25-specific sequences were detected in 89 shotgun metagenomic datasets and comprise saltern (60%), marine (20%), coral (3%), and human gut metagenomes (2%) (Fig. CDSs shared with V. parahaemolyticus (3,973) and V. vulnificus (3,309) corresponded to 82% and 84.5% of the V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus genomes. Clearly, vibrios are ubiquitous and abundant in the aquatic environment on a global scale, including both seawater and sediment (19, 21⇓⇓⇓–25), and repeatedly shown to be present in high densities in and on marine organisms, such as corals (26), fish (27⇓–29), mollusks (30), seagrass, sponges, shrimp (28, 31), and zooplankton (16, 17, 28, 32, 33). BB4, EX25, EX97, and S. algae A6 are AF 319768; AF319769, AF319770, and AF 319767, respectively. Two decades later, WHOI biologist Carl Wirsen and colleagues discovered new strains of bacteria on a hydrothermal vent off of Italy that could withstand even greater extremes (including heat, pressure, and lack of oxygen). Bacteria at hydrothermal vents inhabit almost everything: rocks, the seafloor, even the inside of animals like mussels. Genomic, functional, and phylogenetic analyses indicate an intriguing blend of genomic features related to adaptation and animal symbiotic association, and also revealed the presence of virulence genes commonly found in Vibrio species pathogenic for humans. The presence of virulence factors, including two reported in V. cholerae, namely pre-CTXΦ and VPI-2 in the noncholera Vibrio antiquarius from a deep-sea environment, suggests their multifaceted role outside the human host; that is, ecological function in the natural habitat and alternate evolutionary origins apart from their core genome. The discovery of an abundance of life around deep-sea hydrothermal vents … The genome of V. antiquarius encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS), responsible for enabling injection of effector proteins directly into target host eukaryotic cells (49). The V. antiquarius genome also contained insertion sequences (IS elements) throughout its genome (Table S4). 1). Genomic and phenotypic analysis revealed V. antiquarius is closely related to pathogenic Vibrio species, namely Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio vulnificus, but sufficiently divergent to warrant a separate species status. Such rearrangements are in agreement with the supposition that extensive genome plasticity is common in Vibrio species, particularly on C-II (40). S2B). Both isolates were sucrose-positive, oxidase-positive, and required NaCl for growth. The phylogeny of V. antiquarius was inferred by constructing a genome-relatedness neighbor-joining tree, using homologous alignment of 522 orthologous protein-coding genes of 36 Vibrio genomes, as a strict measure of the core Vibrio genome. The reference strains were also probed against one another, serving as controls. These bacteria use sulfur compounds, particularly hydrogen sulfide, a chemical highly toxic to most known organisms, to produce organic material through the process of chemosynthesis. Therefore, these might be important processes in V. antiquarius evolution to facilitate faster adaptation or quicker response to rapidly changing and challenging environmental conditions of the deep sea. Gaps between contigs were closed by editing in Consed and several targeted finishing reactions, including transposon bombs (73), primer walks on clones, primer walks on PCR products, and adapter PCR reactions. Hydrothermal Vents In 1979, scientists in Alvin dove to the Mid-Ocean Ridge in the eastern Pacific. The genome contains a homolog of vvhA and, in a recent study, Smith and Oliver (57) suggested a role for haemolysin (vvhA) in V. vulnificus to aid in osmoregulation and cold-shock response. S7). In most cases, both ORF-dependent and independent comparisons yielded the same orthologs, although the ORF-independent method performed better for draft sequences of low quality where sequencing errors, albeit rare, hampered identification of correct ORFs. Related terms: Seawater; Hydrogen; Sulfate; Protein; Sulfide Vibrio cholerae is the most notorious because it is the causative agent of cholera. Chromosomal distribution of the genes followed a pattern typical of vibrios, with C-I predominantly carrying genes for viability and growth, and C-II containing genes associated with adaptation to environmental change. Distribution of V. antiquarius ORFs in these metagenomes suggests ubiquity of V. antiquarius in the natural environment. The V. antiquarius genome encodes genes and operons with ecological functions relevant to the environment conditions of the deep sea and also harbors factors known to be involved in human disease caused by freshwater, coastal, and brackish water vibrios. Rimicaris shrimp form gi­ant swarms on hy­dro­thermal vent chim­neys in the At­lantic and In­dian oceans. They host a dense com­munity of chemo­syn­thetic epi­bionts in their mod­i­fied gill cham­ber. This means active acetogenic bacteria are probably less abundant at these vents, and that may be why they've evaded our notice until now. Image courtesy of MARUM, University of Bremen and NOAA-Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. Hydrothermal vents are considered one of the most extreme and dynamic environments on Earth, with temperatures ranging from 4 to 400°C, high pressure conditions, a complete absence of light, and abrupt chemical and pH gradients [23]. University of California Davis Genome Center, Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Ocean and Health Pathogens in the Marine Environment, RpoS-dependent stress response and exoenzyme production in, Resuscitation of viable but non-culturable. Primary consumers in the ecosystem depend on these bacteria for food. EX25 showed phenotypic and genetic similarity to Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. cholerae, all of which are human pathogens. AND4, and V. harveyi in a monophyletic clade. An insertion of bacteriophage genes was noted between rstA and ace, with 96% homology to bacteriophage BfO4K68 (Fig. A tetra nucleotide signature correlation index, an alignment-free parameter helpful in deciding whether a given pair of organisms belongs to the same species (36), demonstrated EX25 to have highest correlation with V. alginolyticus, yet below the same species threshold (Fig. Bootstrap consensus tree was inferred from 5,000 replicates, representing evolutionary history of the taxa. Hydrothermal vents were only discovered in the late '70s, and since then we've come to realise these strange habitats are home to complex and dynamic forms of life, including mats of bacteria several centimetres thick, which feed on inorganic compounds like hydrogen and sulphide, as they rush up through the subsurface. For example, strains of Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas spp. More heat-loving microbes have since been found in hydrothermal vent communities across the globe to depths as great as 5000 meters beneath the sea surface. was also determined by total DNA–DNA hybridization, using random-primer labeling and chemiluminescent detection with DIG High Prime DNA Labeling and Detection Starter Kit II (Roche). Draft assemblies were based on 39,974 total reads. S4). Salt tolerance was assayed in nutrient broth containing 3%, 6%, and 8% (wt/vol) NaCl. Our study indicates that mesophilic vibrios are likely to be present in the mesophilic environment of the deep sea, particularly in association with the inhabiting animals. Such a particular composition ensures interesting functional properties, including biological activities mimicking those known for glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Initially, a segment on a target contig homologous to a query ORF was identified using BLASTN. Repeat resolution was performed using Dupfinisher (72). Core genome phylogeny of V. antiquarius EX25. Hydrothermal Vent. 16S rRNA phylogeny of the East Pacific Rise isolates and other Vibrio species by neighbor-joining tree. The constructed phylogenetic trees were in good agreement with 16S tree. Several studies (12⇓⇓–15) in the past have shown the presence of diverse mesophilic microbial communities, including Vibrio species, in various deep-sea environments; however, information on the microbial communities associated with the deep-sea vent animals appeared to be very limited. Abundant viruses in these systems, a high proportion of which are lysogenic, must also withstand these environmental extremes. V. antiquarius also contains delta-9 fatty acid desaturase. The genome of V. antiquarius encodes many genes that can be interpreted as contributing to its being native to the deep-sea environment, including genes (i.e., metalloendopeptidases, zinc-dependent carboxypeptidases, and so forth) that are indicative of its potential association with deep-sea animals. Schwarze Raucher und Weiße Raucher (englisch Black Smoker und White Smoker) gehören zu den hydrothermalen Quellen am Grund der Tiefsee. 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Contributed by Rita R. Colwell, April 15, 2015 (sent for review September 5, 2014; reviewed by John Allen Baross, Richard E. Lenski, and Carla Pruzzo).

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