The publication was intended as a manual for the training and indoctrination of intelligence personnel and as a reference book for the exploitation of intelligence documents. The fires around White 1 continued until 27 April when the engineers were released to return to the beach. In September 1945 they seized in Singapore important documentary evidence of war crimes, including photographs showing captured Indian soldiers being executed for refusing to join with Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army. . This information was put to immediate tactical use and resulted in the capture of the position by the US 7th Cavalry Squadron. The other landing would be made at Humboldt Bay by two RCTs (the 162nd and 186th) of the 41st Division. The quantity and type of documents captured from the Japanese varied widely. The Japanese occupied the village with an initial force of 1,500 on 21 July and by 22 August had 11,430 men under arms at Buna. Among this cache were code books and a list of Japanese and German agents in the United States. Captured and sunken Japanese ships and boats also provided large quantities of documents, many of immediate value. More than 6,000 graduates served throughout the Pacific Theater during the war and the subsequent occupation of Japan. The weather changed direction and Kimura's slow-moving task force was spotted by an Allied scout plane. When very few documents were captured and relatively little was known about the enemy forces in the SWPA, it was imperative to translate all documents in full. The Allied Air Forces acted promptly on this information and sank both Japanese submarines and supply barges. 1944 battle between American and Japanese forces during World War II, "Securing New Guinea: The U.S. Navy in Operations Reckless and Persecution: 2122 April 1944", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hollandia&oldid=1132691020, South West Pacific theatre of World War II, Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia, Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan, Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States, Amphibious operations involving the United States, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 02:36. RAAF radar could not provide sufficient warning of Japanese attacks, so reliance was placed on coastwatchers and spotters in the hills until an American radar unit arrived in September with better equipment. Japanese forces began to land on the island of Luzon in the Philippines on December 10. . The remote but crucial airfield lay 25 miles south/southeast of the port town of Salamaua. Interestingly enough, among these records was a complete listing of the Japanese Imperial Army Ordnance Inventory. The Admiralty Islands having been seized a month ahead of schedule, MacArthur accelerated his advance. 92). It stated also that the land offensive was scheduled to commence some time in the middle of November. Miscellaneous identifications taken from documents captured in early November in the Pinamopoan Area, Leyte, gave the first indication of the Japanese 1st Divisions presence in this area. ATIS was directed to make available to the board any and all information having to do with the identification of Japanese war criminals. Exact tracings and translations were supplied to XXIV Corps prior to attack on these positions. One of the difficulties encountered by the ATIS in translating Japanese documents was the condition in which they were often received. [41] After rehearsals and loading, on 16 to 18 April the amphibious forces sailed from their bases at Finschafen and Goodenough Island; they joined up with other ships carrying troops bound for Aitape from Seeadler Harbour and then rendezvoused with the escort aircraft carriers providing air cover off Manus Island early on 20 April. For his action during the Biak operation, Jack Y. Cannon, the commanding officer of the 41st CIC Detachment received the Silver Star. 4, to acquire Japanese records, staged a contest, making awards to Burmese or Chinese turning in the most documents. 76) and Japanese efforts to fight Plague and Cholera (No. Many of the captured documents provided significant intelligence to General Douglas MacArthurs forces in the SWPA. [14] Some sources indicate the figure was 50 tons. Over 120 of these Research Reports were published. [27], The ground forces would be supported by two naval bombardment forces. Also produced were ATIS Publications. Documents recovered from the bodies of dead Japanese, members of a Special Suicide Penetration Unit, killed near San Fabian, Luzon, on January 19, 1945, gave full accounts of the units and personnel involved. SEATIC and SINTIC operating in Southeast Asia and China received and translated relatively large quantities of captured documents during the war. [37], The Allies conducted a deception operation to ensure that the Japanese continued to believe that they would land at Hansa Bay rather than Hollandia. The plane in which Koga was flying crashed at sea, with no survivors. This bombing operation was also the moment in the New Guinea campaign when Japanese air power no longer threatened the Allies. At Sanananda the swamp and jungle were typhus-ridden crawling roots reached out into stagnant pools infested with mosquitoes and numerous crawling insects every foxhole filled with water. American military leaders knew that while the number of prisoners (and thus information) taken in the Pacific would be relatively small, compared to the war in Europe, Japanese records would become all that more important as an intelligence source. At wars end it moved to Tokyo. After taking evasive routes to the west of the Admiralty Islands to avoid air attack,[42] the convoy turned back towards their objective late in the afternoon. The Navy played a crucial role in operations to take Japanese airfields. Japanese forces to the west were reconfigured to form a defense line through Biak and Manokwari,[62] while the Japanese 18th Army, still in defensive positions around Wewak, to the east, were faced with a long retreat west through the jungle having been ordered to bypass Hollandia and Aitape and reinforce the 2nd Army in western New Guinea. Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 09:02. Allied planners believed that the two beaches were connected by a road, and that another road suitable for vehicle traffic ran inland towards Lake Sentani. To assist researchers interested in World War II-era research regarding the Pacific and Far East, I prepared a 1,700-page finding aid entitled Japanese War Crimes and Related Records: A Guide to Records in the National Archives,which is searchable and available online. The story of the capture and return of the Z documents is detailed in Appendix II. [1] Among them were the Southeast Asia Translation and Interrogation Center (SEATIC)[2]; the Sino Translation and Interrogation Center (SINTIC)[3]; and, the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). Gen. Frank D. Merrill, captured 2 tons of documents at Myitkyina, Burma. [59], Operation Reckless was an unqualified success, as were the landings around Aitape under the guise of Operation Persecution. After the cessation of hostilities, the War Crimes Echelon, a separate part of ATIS, was established. Fukudome was still carrying the Z Plan and the cipher codes. Army units in the South Pacific were transferred to MacArthurs direct control in June, and the U.S. 13th Air Force was moved to the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) to form, with the U.S. 5th Air Force, the new Far Eastern Air Force, which was commanded by Gen. George C. Kenney in addition to his position as commander of Allied Air Forces SWPA. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress. Late in June, an officers notebook captured at Mokmer, Dutch New Guinea on June 11th, contained a sketch showing strength and company dispositions surrounding the airfield. Operations focused on attacking positions and seaborne traffic around Timor, Ambon, and the Kai and Aroe Islands. [13] See Seventy Years Ago: Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), September-October 1942.. During the Lae-Salamaua Operation in the summer of 1943 the Allies relied heavily on captured documents for intelligence information and planning. The Netherlands, Britain and the United States tried to defend the colony from the Japanese forces as they moved south in late 1941 in search of Dutch oil. [34], Wau is a village in the interior of the Papuan peninsula, approximately 50 kilometres (30mi) southwest of Salamaua. [43][44] Meanwhile, carrier-borne aircraft attacked targets around Wakde, Sarmi and Hollandia from 21 April, destroying at least 33 Japanese planes in the air and more on the ground. US troops debark from LST-66 at Tanahmerah Bay Hollandia. Today known as Jayapura, in 1941 Hollandia (140.707E 2.543S) was the largest settlement in the Dutch half of New Guinea.It was located on the only really first-class natural harbor on the north coast of Dutch New Guinea, Humboldt Bay, though it had only primitive port facilities. Aerial resupply brought some relief, and on 30 April a group of 12 LCTs, towed by several LSTs, arrived at Humboldt Bay. [53], Meanwhile, the infantry continued their advance inland. At Kokoda [between Port Moresby and Buna] 268 documents were captured, at Buna 1,349, at Lae [eastern New Guinea] 1,562, while at Saipan in July 1944 the figure reached at least 27 tons.[14]. Copies of these ATIS publications can be found at the National Archives at College Park, the Australian National Archives, as well as other archival repositories. [2] SEATIC was part of the South East Asia Command, established at New Delhi, India in November 1943 and moved to Kandy, Ceylon, on April 15, 1944. In February 1943, the first contingent of twenty graduates from the Navys Japanese Language School at Boulder, Colorado arrived at ICPOA and began interrogating prisoners of war and translating captured documents. Two months after JICPOA was formed US forces invaded the Gilbert Islands. They were discontinued with the dissolution of the Philippine Island Research Section of ATIS on October 9, 1944. 39 with Navy Operations, Plans and Orders (1941-1944). To demonstrate the seriousness of the effort to the Supreme War Council, multiple shifts of high-ranking personnel were also effected: Both Yamamoto and Ozawa moved their headquarters to Rabaul; and Eighth Fleet commander Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa as well as General Imamura's chief of staff were sent to Tokyo with advice and explanations for the respective General Staffs (Admiral Tomoshige Samejima replaced Mikawa as Eight Fleet commander). Thousands perished from starvation and disease; the commanding general, Horii, was drowned. hbspt.enqueueForm({ [38], General Imamura and his naval counterpart at Rabaul, Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, commander Southeast Area Fleet, resolved to reinforce their ground forces at Lae for one final all-out attempt against Wau. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents (December 14, 1944); No. On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaging the US Pacific Fleet. graduate Hollandia. In addition, their bomb bays were filled with 500-pound bombs to be used in the newly devised practice of skip bombing. [27] As the Japanese ground forces pressed toward Port Moresby, the Allied Air Forces struck supply points along the Kokoda Track. During mid-May American forces intercepted a Japanese landing craft near Arare that carried material for reinforcing the Japanese-held islands offshore of New Guinea that were to be attacked as part of the Wakde-Sarmi Bay Operation. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. Joseph J. Rochefort (of the Battle of Midway code-breaking fame). The stores situation in the forward area grew more urgent as the supply line up the single road broke down. This discovery resulted in a hurried revision of the assault plans regarding these islands. After JICPOA was formed US forces invaded the Gilbert Islands use and resulted in the Philippines on December,... 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