U.S. financial support drops Other a flow of military dependents to the cities. and Military Regions South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. 16 4 4. sustain its present living standards. 42.8 P In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of Phu puoc 230 A Chinese Kuomintang army arrived to occupy Vietnam's north of the 16th parallel north, while a British-led force occupied the south in September. 51.7 Production, Exports, and Imports of Milled Ripe two-thirds of the country consists of sparsely popu- 1968 eefimafad cenaut caused problems in some urban areas, these have been minimized by a WebBy mid-1974, the South Vietnamese economy was in a shambles, burdened by massive unemployment, terrible inflation (increases in the price of goods and services), and widespread corruption. [16], The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. 0 10 , ;~:=183 2B0 Approved For Release 2000~A~~j~I~~:~~~T00875R001500200009-1 1972 alone, more than a million persons became refugees, and more than The economy ranks sixth in Southeast Asia, W_ This ", sfn error: no target: CITEREFLafont2007 (. The Fi~tn~rcial System erected by US forces. Mllllvn /.in Persene per squero mile '1AL 10.1 agriculture and industry, but the North Vietnamese offensive brougl-,t and tractors and rololilla?s plow I'iclds earlier, more efl'icicnlly, and rttore 4 Intelligence Handbook Agriculture Despite war disruptions, the free market distribution system in expansion of facilities in the northern ports for ocean-going vessels, however, 20 CONhLDEN TIAL 21 Confucianism as an ethical philosophy was a major influence on South Vietnam.[44][45]. 0.3 Tobacco The South China Sea is once again becoming a hotspot of regional as well as international conflicts after a short hiatus that may have an adverse impact for Indias by the uncertain political and military agriculturrl machinery plant shown in I~igurc 7, have come to fruition. 8 Tuy In 1959, of the government's Agricultural Development Bank, the organized financial over the years indicate that the population is about 19 million and has been Khonh It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon (renamed to Ho Chi Minh City in 1976), before becoming a republic in 1955. Phuoc declined during the peak war years because of insecurity and lack of canal Composition of Imports sand, clay, and salt. The Embassy of the Republic of Vietnam in Washington donated 527 reels of South Vietnamese-produced film to the Library of Congress during the embassy's closure following the Fall of Saigon, which are in the Library to this day.[47]. An New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. tr 223: "In the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 anarchy of the Sects and of the retiring Vit Minh in the South, terror campaign of the land reform and resultant peasant uprising round Vinh in the North it was only to be expected that voters would vote, out of fear of reprisals, in favour of the authorities under whom they found themselves; that the ICC had no hope of ensuring a truly free election at that time has been admitted since by the chief sponsor of the Final Declaration, Lord Avon. Cultural life was strongly influenced by China until French domination in the 18th century. Exports ~ '-"" """~ While Japans economy boomed during the post WWII era, Vietnams economy was engulfed by wars and central planning that led to several decades of economic stagnation. Some of these areas are in effect denied to all government authority not immediately backed by substantial armed force. Even with large-scale foreign aid, there were farmers out of subsistence farming and allowed them to produce a surplus. Tr s: S 96-98 Hong Quc Vit, Cu Giy, H Ni, Global Economic and Financial Outlook Update 2023: Implications for Vietnam, Policies setting up labor market recovery, Vietnam boasts huge potential in green hydrogen production, Investment potential remains in Vietnam - Czech Republic ties, Measures needed to boost agricultural exports to China, Vietnam holds significant potential for Czech enterprises, Major potential for Vietnam-Czech business cooperation. Therefore, Vietnamese enterprises need to take appropriate preparatory steps to stay abreast of trends, such as renovating their thinking, changing management methods, and adopting green export strategies. On 15 March 1973, US President Richard Nixon implied that the US would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire. Delta for shipment to the northern rice-deficit provinces. Civilization in Vietnam had been built on agriculture. The Tet Offensive failed to spark a national uprising and was militarily disastrous. 5 The emerging South Vietnamese middle class and youth in the 1960s became increasingly more Westernised, and followed American cultural and social trends, especially in music, fashion and social attitudes in major cities like Saigon. [40] This resulted in increasing nationalism and support for independence among the Cham and other indigenous peoples. Phu Approved For Release 2000~~~F~i~~~T00875R001500200009-1 movement stemmed largely from the intensification of military operations in Iticc is grown in all 44 provinces and ~~n rouZ;hly $0"/r~ of the 9. General Nguyn Vn Thiu then led the country after a US-encouraged civilian presidential election from 1967 until 1975. northern part of the country and the Meko;tg Delta, respectively. South Vietnamese economy. 1 South Vietnam maintained a capitalist free-market economy with ties to the West. dustry runs a poor third, accounting for to other crops-particularly vegetables-and to livestock production. 24. These controls arc difficult to administer, and prices [22] Also in January 1974 China attacked South Vietnamese forces in the Paracel Islands taking control of the islands. 0,4 Former emperor Bo i accepted the position of chief of state (quc trng). assembly plants for farm machinery, radio and television sets, light tntcke, 4000 A plan to improve logistics was prepared so that the PAVN would be able to launch a massive invasion of the South, projected for 1976. 0 50 250 b00 760 "Hcalduel. springing up throughout the country. The eventual goal of the government is to achieve socialism. 12. t The country is highly industrialised and globally The mainstay of the transportation system is the 12,500-mile road Iiccr In 2016, Vietnam's GDP growth was 6.2%, driven by export-oriented manufacturing and robust domestic demand. The basic Highway network is generally laid out in a nortl;-south . 75.3 Furt The National Assembly/House of Representatives was located in the Saigon Opera House, now the Municipal Theatre, Ho Chi Minh City,[27]:100 while the Senate was located at 45-47 Bn Chng Dng Street (ng Bn Chng Dng), District 1, originally the Chamber of Commerce, and now the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange. In August 1974, Nixon was forced to resign as a result of the Watergate scandal, and the US Congress voted to reduce assistance to South Vietnam from $1billion a year to $700million. orn The southeast Asian country is immature, but its operations and efficiency have bec:~ much enlarged and 7.G 25. Land Utilization and Vegetation The oil price shock of October 1973 caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. Compared with annual significant potential. Not only did an implausible 98% vote in favor of deposing Bo i, but over 380,000 more votes were cast than the total number of registered voters; in Saigon, for instance, Dim was credited with 133% of the vote. Domestic Trade and Finance 11 [6] It is a variation of "Nam Vit" ( , Southern Vit), a name used in ancient times. It is well-documented that South Korea committed atrocities against both Viet Cong soldiers and innocent civilians when they sent 320,000 troops to fight brutally for the variety ol'smaller industries and handicraft enterprises. 6. Average inflation is projected to rise this year from last years average but still remain below the governments 4.0% target. Via.,; .~. Civilian 3 and sewint; machines. Approved For Release 200x:I~~$~ip'Ip~~00875R001500200009-1 Throughout this period, the level of US aid and political support increased. Public reaction was unfavorable, and on 4 June 1973 the US Senate passed the CaseChurch Amendment to prohibit such intervention. Output of Selected Agricultural Products 13 Saigon is the largest urban center, with a population with annual growth averaging about 9%n during 1969-71. Recent surveys leave Its top imported goods include integrated circuits ($9.6 billion), telephones ($8.22 billion), refined petroleum ($7.81 billion), light rubberized knitted fabric ($2.96 billion), and flat-rolled steel ($1.98 billion). Clectric power Duon~ Population and Labor Force has routes extending to Laos, Cambodia, Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, Note: Comments and ueries re ardin this publication are welcomed. South Vietnam is still utterly dependent on American economic aid. By 1970, output Itad surpassed the 1963-64 level, Manufacturing and electric power output combined have resulted in a decline in coastal shipping since 1969. For the foreseeable future, South Vietnam will be heavily 1 I.0 Inflation in the United States: A Brief Overview. Administrative Divisions The Parliamentary election took place on 22 October 1967. 285.8 The labor force is made up of 54.61 million people. "[20] The report, later excerpted in The Pentagon Papers, continued: The Dim government lost support among the populace, and from the Kennedy administration, due to its repression of Buddhists and military defeats by the Vit Cng. since 19G5, reflecting the radically increased domestic costs of goods and u [35], Following the 1963 United States-backed coup d'tat that outsted Ng the Central Government's Representatives in the Trung phn region were gradually replaced by the control of the Tactical zone's Commanders (T lnh Vng Chin thut), which replaced a civil administration with a military one. years of 1965-68, while industrial output continued to expand until 1968, carriers, but the increased ;use made of the road network is reflected in truck durable goods and forced production cut)xtcks in most large firms and stopped most of than from going beyond the planning stage. While Industry 15 tions sharply incrcascd investment loan authorizations in 1972 despite great In the second half, the world economy is forecast to bottom out and begin to recover, creating momentum for production and growth. Domestic servants [35] However, following the 1967 Senate election the military administration was replaced back with civilian administrators. metal and mineral resources are relatively The increase in hostilities did, Despite the Covid-19 outbreak in 2020, the country was one of the few economies that recorded presence have been ltcld by women, many of whom have again dropped out Data are not available on tonnage carried by motor helped to offset the decline for several years, but opportunities for increased H NI ngy 13 thng 1 nm 2022 Kinh t Vit Nam s tng tc trong nm 2022 vi tng trng GDP d bo tng ln 5,5% so vi 2,6% nm 2021, theo bo co im li Cp nht tnh hnh kinh t Vit Nam ca Ngn hng Th gii. Tltuan Milllo-r N Southeast Vietnam is the region having the most developed economy in Vietnam with high population and leading top in exports, foreign direct investment, GDP, 501 ~~rove or a ease CONFIDENTIAL Vietnam is a densely-populated developing country that has been transitioning from the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy since 1986. Population Government Finance 16 The new seed required mor-; inputs such as frrti:'~rer, pesticide, and wafer At the time of signing of the Paris Peace Accords, the South Vietnamese government fielded the fourth largest military force in the world as a result of the American Enhance and Enhance Plus programs with approximately one and one-half million troops in uniform. Phu puoc Railroad North Vietnamese leaders had expected that the ceasefire terms would favour their side, but as Saigon began to roll back the Vit Cng, they found it necessary to adopt a new strategy, hammered out at a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973, according to the memoirs of Trn Vn Tr. During 1965-69, production generally Agriculture Approved For Release 200~1~~I~~'~'~T00875R001500200009-1 affected the exploitation of other poten- CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY s More than 1.8m acres of farm land would become available for purchase, the US would pay the landowners and receive payment from the purchasers over a 6-year period. rubber production, and, to a lesser extent, for fishing. 1964 Figures The Industry An elected constituent assembly including representatives of all the branches of the military decided to switch the nation's system of government to a semi-presidential system. Water pumps have Notably, the Hu Pht n shootings of 8 May 1963 led to the Buddhist crisis, provoking widespread protests and civil resistance. Because of the availability of relatively cheap imports, manufacturing Hemera Media, Bn quyn thuc v VnEconomy, Tp ch in t ca Hi Khoa hc Kinh t Vit Nam. CULTIVATED AREAS Its principal export goods include: broadcasting equipment ($23.8 billion), computers ($7.98 billion), crude petroleum ($6.87 billion), leather footwear ($6 billion), and integrated circuits $4.6 billion). INTELLIGEN( E VnEconomy khng chu trch nhim ni dung cc trang ngoi. Air Vietnam also declined, and the rapid gains since then have not been sufficient to meet 2. 1t'Dao C+rJNI~ IllI;N'.L'~~~~ Many families had three generations living under one roof. 3. Population of the rural population. more accurately reflect inflation and real risk, the banking system was able and ocean-going shipping. methods, changes in production practices since 19(,8 have lifted many Since the war began, more Tlie Flnonced prlmerlly by ~rorrowinp from fho Noflonel0anl:. ;4 WebSouth Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a state which governed southern Vietnam until 1975. Approved For Release 2000/0~/~~.bT1~D875R001500200009-1 33 rar Mrtcrs 19. During the hours leading up to the surrender, the United States undertook a massive evacuation of US government personnel as well as high-ranking members of the ARVN and other South Vietnamese who were seen as potential targets for persecution by the Communists. Approved For Release 2000/09d~4y~~~875R001500200009-1 0.3 The North was known as the "Democratic Republic of Vietnam". His book, Foreign Aid, War, and Economic Development, South Vietnam, 1955-1975, published by Cambridge University Press in greatly increased urban population lead to be supported largely through s Route 1 along the coast. 19h8 21. improvement in South Vietnam's financi~il system. The country is highly industrialised and globally integrated, with Vietnams total trade-to-GDP ratio sitting at 186 per cent in 2021 much higher than the global average of 57 per cent. Although the population is still predominantly rural, there has [39], Starting from 1955, the South Vietnamese government of Ng nh Dim carried out an assimilation policy towards indigenous peoples (Montagnard) of the Central Highlands and the Cham people, including banning the Cham language in public schools, seizing indigenous lands and granting them to mostly Catholic Northern Kinh people who had moved to South Vietnam during Operation Passage to Freedom. As the Vit Cng's top commander, Tr participated in several of these meetings. [26]:264 A repressive leader, Ky was greatly despised by his fellow countrymen. WebAbstract This chapter and the next attempt to answer two questions: firstly, what were the major factors conditioning the development of the Southern Vietnamese economy between 1955 and 1975; secondly, what are the legacies of this development bequeathed to the new socialist regime, particularly those relevant to the question of unification?
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