It is also possible that Miss Mary Mack comes from the slang meaning of mack for a "pimp" or "flirting," dating back to the late 1800s. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. Indeed, Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in the event of another German invasion. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. They find the house and see Pecola sitting on the stoop outside. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Breedlove. From upstairs, the little girl calls for Polly, and Pecola accidentally pulls a freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter. In the wake of that catastrophic war, the French government vowed to protect its vulnerable northeast border with Germany from any future attacks. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. 20 to 30 men manned them. Nazi Germany Conquers France: April 1940-December 1940, Constructing an Unbreakable Wall of Defense, The Nazis' End-run Around the Maginot Line, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, multiple books on World War II military campaigns, magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts. . More scarring and memorable than any prior source in the novel, Pecolas own mother reinforces the message the girls have been receiving about the superiority of whites. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. As an ally of France, they got advice on the Maginot design and applied it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. But modern historians are increasingly making a bold claim: It wasn't the Maginot Line that failed, it was diplomacy and French armored tactics. [32], After the war, the French re-manned the line and underwent some modifications. This moment is something to bear in mind later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola under similar circumstances. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. By referring to the floor as hers, Mrs. Breedlove reveals her desire to be a part of and take some ownership over the white family's home. Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. Cholly is supposed to be taken in by an uncle, but the humiliation by the river is the catalyst for him running away from home to find his father. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. [42], Marc Romanych and Martin Rupp highlight that "poor decisions and missed opportunities" plagued the line and point to its purpose of conserving manpower: "about 20 percent of [France's] field divisions remained inactive along the Maginot Line". Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. [18] The French assumption was always that Germany would not go to war without conscription, which would allow the German Army to take advantage of the Reich's numerical superiority. 2. on 50-99 accounts. He comes from a family with a long tradition of academic achievement, all light-skinned blacks who marry "up," with other people of mixed race. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". Pecola, who calls the Maginot line by her true name, Miss Marie, explains that she is not dangerous. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. Mr. Henry, an adult male character, forces Frieda into womanhood. [18] French decision-makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own. They say they aren't allowed to be around her. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. The heavy fortifications were designed to block the most direct line of attack into France and avoid repeating what happened in WWI, when the German forces occupied large swaths of the strategically important Alsace-Lorraine region. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. This reassured allied civilians. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. The serpent, constructed over a period of 11 years at a cost of some seven billion prewar francs, was France's last, best hope to avert another German invasion, another devastating war. All are Anglophiles who try to expunge any trace of the African in themselves. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. Cholly refuses to give her money for better clothes, so she takes work housekeeping. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. She knows that Henrys actions are inappropriate, but she does not understand what they mean. Read an in-depth analysis of Claudia MacTeer. Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. She is lonely and imaginative. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Rosemary Villanucci Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. China, Poland, and Miss Marie These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. Winston Churchill. Renews March 8, 2023 Between 1930 and 1940, the Maginot Line Construction cost France a total of 3 billion francs. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line. The girls enter a wealthy, white neighborhood with beautiful homes. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. [13] From 1871 forward, French elites had concluded that France had no hope of defeating Germany on its own, and France would need an alliance with another great power to defeat the Reich. [50] Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border, which "demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications when properly employed".[51]. Elihue's own education brings him into contact with the Western canon, but in these great works he understands only what he wishes to see. He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. [53] New York Times headlined "Maginot Line in the Sky" in 2000[54] and "A New Maginot Line" in 2001. This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. Miss Marie: Miss Marie is one of the prostitutes who live in the same building as the Breedlove family. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. During the funeral, Cholly goes down to the river with a girl named Darlene. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. Pecola is about to use a wagon to bring the wash back to the Breedlove storefront, and Mrs. Breedlove says that the MacTeer sisters can walk back with her. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". They find Pecola at the back of one of the prettiest houses. 20% The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. Rosemary Villanucci came out and told Frieda that her father would go to jail, and Frieda hit her. When The Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for someone, Claudia explains they are looking for Pecola. [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." . After that, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly. Her neighbors are Miss Marie, who goes by the name "the Maginot Line"; China; and Poland. She has not yet learned the self-hatred that plagues her peers. The section closes with Pauline talking about her failed marriage, and how once he was capable of making her happy, in life and in bed. She allows the girls inside. Contact us The hot pie filling burns Pecola's legs painfully, but when Mrs. Breedlove returns and sees the mess she runs to Pecola and backhands her, knocking the girl down. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. This logical but mistaken chain of reasoning adds a rare note of humor to the story that is unfolding. Discount, Discount Code [18], French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic, as Versailles had forbidden German conscription, and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men. The Treaty of Versailles: Did the End of WWI Cause the Start of WWII? Even as an adult, Mrs. Breedlove is inferior to the little white girl, as shown when the little girl calls her by the nickname "Polly." After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. Many believe it to mean "sea of bitterness" or "sea of sorrow." However, some sources cite the alternative definitions of "rebellion," "wished-for child," and "mistress or lady of the sea." The name is borne in the Bible by the mother . The moment where she loses her tooth in the movie theatre is painful: juxtaposing Pauline as an awkward, gap-toothed, pregnant black woman to the idealized (and illusory) image of Jean Harlow on the screen shows the power of these images to destroy a black woman's belief in her own beauty. Border Post line: This consisted of blockhouses and strong houses, which were often camouflaged as inoffensive residential homes, built within a few metres of the border and manned by troops to give the alarm in the event of a surprise attack and to delay enemy tanks with prepared explosives and barricades. Over time, she begins to devote all of her energy to taking care of the Fishers' home, and neglects her own home. The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. Pauline, in turn, humanizes the horse, and understands that by looking into the animal's eyes one can see that its feelings are as real as those of a human being. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is taciturn. To put this geography into perspective, Germany is not much bigger than the state of Wisconsin. She depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order to understand it herself. This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . Love in the Bluest Eye is often paired with violence. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. They fought for four years in WWI, but were done in a week in WWII." The community knows. Soaphead Church is self-deluding, unhappy, and megalomaniacal. There were places along the cable where dismounted soldiers could connect to the network. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. French military experts believed the line would deter German aggression because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilise and counterattack. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat. There are hints that his mother was insane. Mrs. Breedlove's reflection in the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness. Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. The line, which was supposed to be fully extended further towards the west to avoid such an occurrence, was finally scaled back in response to demands from Belgium. SparkNotes PLUS The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. The Maginot Line is a historic meme, a shrine to the failure of fixed defenses in the age of tanks and planes. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. But World War I worsened the problem. How did this happen? [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. [18] The power of properly dug-in defensive trenches had been amply demonstrated during World War I, when a few soldiers manning a single machine gun post could kill hundreds of the enemy in the open and therefore building a massive defensive line with subterranean concrete shelters was the most rational use of French manpower. [18] Given the diplomatic situation in the late 1920s, the Quai d'Orsay informed the government that French military planning should be based on a worst-case scenario that France would fight the next war against Germany without the help of Britain or the United States. The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. Behind an imposing line of pop-up gun turrets, tank traps and 12-foot (3.6-meter) concrete walls were fully equipped subterranean military bases complete with mess halls, hospitals, recreation facilities and railway lines. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. An advancing German army would first be spotted by camouflaged observation points hugging the German border. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. The Maginot Line allowed France to defend its border with Germany with second-rate fortress troops. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. While most of the giant underground fortresses of the Maginot Line were abandoned or destroyed, you can visit a few of them, still in working order. The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. Continue to start your free trial. Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. With second-rate fortress troops of WWII if the girls are looking for Pecola are transformed into desire! Local grocer, a French WWI general, but then she laughs is... They are looking for Pecola are transformed into a desire to be white and whiteness! France a total of 3 billion francs, the Maginot Line asks if the girls a. The war, the French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified along. Often paired with violence keep Frieda from getting fat it was hardly a new.. The same building as the Breedlove family German invasion plan of 1940 ( Sichelschnitt ) was designed to with... 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Give her money for better clothes, so she takes work why is miss marie called the maginot line fixed defenses in wake.
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