Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. iie was 70 years old. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, managed to escape to Argentina and was not extradited to Italy to face trial over his own role in the Ardeatine Caves Massacre until 1996. Kappler performed active training duty over three separate periods from June 1935 to September 1936, with final release on September 27, 1936 with the rank of Feldwebel der Reserve. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. During Kappler's probationary period, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, meaning that Kappler did not have the "honor" of full SS membership prior to the Nazis' assumption of power. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. His appointment to Italy was the result of his security police experience, connections with the SS leadership (Reinhard Heydrich, in particular), as well as a fluency in the Italian language. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism, partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr. Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. David Alvarez and Robert A. Graham, S.J. This set the stage for further advancement and Kappler was commissioned a Gestapo officer, with the rank of SS-Untersturmfhrer (second lieutenant), on November 9, 1938 (the traditional anniversary of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch). Because of Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six months ago. Kappler presided over the Ardeatine massacre, a mass killing of some 335 civilians and political prisoners on March 24, 1944. In 1922 OFlaherty was sent to Rome to finish his studies where he was ordained three years later. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. . Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in the city of Stuttgart in what was then the German Empire. [10], In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. OFlaherty did not just hide POWs. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any. His wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps. Raised a Protestant, Kappler wanted to convert to Roman Catholicism, but OFlaherty cautioned against it. Among them was his future wife, Carla Capponi (1918-2000). Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. An SS officer, he had been an adviser to Italy's fascist police. This website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly. In 1977 he escaped from a Rome Prison hidden in a laundry basket, and was spirited away to Germany, by his recently wedded wife, whom he had married in Prison in 1972. what happened to herbert kappler's first wife. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. The date of the Ardeatine massacre, March 24, 1944, became a national day of mourning in Italy, and the killings are still recalled with outrage. Statis. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung (SA) and served as an SA-Mann from August 1, 1931 to December 1, 1932. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. What happened to Herbert Kappler, SS Colonel, after WWII? Over the next year, Kappler began to be noticed by his superiors and was introduced to Reinhard Heydrich (although some sources state Kappler knew Heydrich for some time before[1]). Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Erich Priebke did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. WWII had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome even though Italy was part of the Axis powers. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[3] partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr Hugh O'Flaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. 1,007 were shipped to Auschwitz. He served as the Vaticans diplomat to Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. Italy demanded his extradition, but .West Germany said this was impossible under its Constitution. Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. 2023 jewish telegraphic agency all rights reserved. The West German authorities refused to return Kappler because of his poor health and he died at home 6 months later. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 and joined the SS in 1933. He was buried on the Soltau Stadtfriedhof, but Leif Stjerna found out that Kapplers removed the gravestone and put it in his garden and the burial ground looks now different. Since the marriage had remained childless, the couple adopted a boy from a Lebensborn home. In January 1936, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Scharfhrer (sergeant) and assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office of Stuttgart (Stapoleitstelle Stuttgart). He also said that he had refused to allow clergymen to visit the hostages before they were killed because we were pressed for time, and I know that people who are about to be executed always indulge in talking to the minister. Shortly before his trial, Mr. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. Vittorio Lattanzio resigned from his position as Minister of Defense in the aftermath of the escape. Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Kapplerwas head of The Gestapo in Rome during the occupation. Comment * what is insensible water loss. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed less than 105 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. See the article in its original context from. The man in charge of the Nazis was Herbert Kappler; head of the SS and Gestapo in Rome. Kappler was convicted to life imprisonment by an Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an Italian prison. He next attended a technical college and spent seven semesters studying electrical engineering. Minister Vito Lattanzio", National Archives and Records Administration, Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea, Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=1128139070, Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II, German police officers convicted of murder, Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy, Prisoners and detainees of the British military, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 December 2022, at 16:08. Kappler came into direct conflict with the neutral Vatican under Pope Pius XII, which Kappler correctly believed was harbouring escaped Allied POWs, members of the Italian Resistance, and Jews. The colonel testified at his trial that he had had to fire the first shot himself because the officer chosen to do so had become ill at the scene. During this action, he demanded 110 pounds of gold from the Jewish community in Rome, which he later claimed was an attempt to prevent the round-up and the deportations. [6][7][10][13], Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year. Fortunately, they did not storm the Vatican because of its unique status. He was a man of many faces who used his talent at disguise to help thousands of people escape from the Nazis. In practice, refusal to obey orders during war is not possible. She declined to give details of the escape, saying these would appear in a mass-circulation magazine this week. [14][15], In 1948, Kappler was tried by an Italian Army military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. Photos:Kappler -United States War Department, Public domainvia Wikimedia Commons. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. Upon the outbreak of World War II, in September 1939, Kappler was serving as an SS-Hauptsturmfhrer (captain) out of the Stuttgart Gestapo main office. [3][9], Despite demands that Kappler be returned to Italy the West German authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. He rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. It was not just because the Vatican City was a self-contained political entity independent of Italy. They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. Even so, due to his membership in the SA and Nazi Party dating from 1931, Kappler was considered an Alter Kmpfer and awarded the Honour Chevron for the Old Guard in 1934. You got lucky! He would never join his diocese. This function has been disabled for WW2 Gravestone. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). She also denied receiving financial aid for the escape from any group, but admitted, during a TV interview, that she had received money from various groups representing former SS members. The Monsignor's activities covertly assisting Jews and other fugitives led both Kappler and his Italian colleague Pietro Koch to repeatedly plot O'Flaherty's kidnapping, torture, and summary execution in vain. It is estimated his group hid over 6,500 people for the remainder of the war in farms, convents, churches, and private apartments. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase, Kappler, a chain smoker, weighed less than 105 pounds at the time and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. Anyone can read what you share. During his teenage years Hugh was a talented student and golfer . Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year by an Italian military tribunal. On a visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about (104 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. He was described as a model prisoner, interested in music, theology, reading and meditation. World War II Hugh became a scratch golfer meaning he was quite good. Kappler was never discharged and technically held this rank during World War II, although by that time Kappler was an active full-time SS member and exempt from further military service. Instead, he stayed to work for the Holy See, serving as a Vatican diplomat in Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung . He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. Amazingly, the Irishman agreed to go and see a man who had plotted to kidnap him and at one stage wanted to murder him. Anyone can read what you share. The radio play was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. He rose to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. from the Jews of Rome, which Kappler later alleged was an attempt to prevent the deportations.[3][8][9]. [17], Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. Marina was born in Rome on November 4, 1942, to Jewish parents Giuseppe Del Monte and Clara Limentani. He was intelligent earning a scholarship to a teacher training college. I recommend you watch his trial here. He mingled with Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy and he also became friendly with Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini; the founder of Italian Fascism. Kurtna then passed the codebooks to the Soviets through Monsignor Mario Brini of the Vatican's Secretariat of State. If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. Meanwhile, the West German government has denied German press reports that it has secretly reached agreement with the Italian government on a means of ending the Kappler controversy. Herbert married Irmgard Kappler (born Erckmann). Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six. It was also because the Republic of Ireland was neutral during the war. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke . Contents He died of cancer in 1978, never having been returned to Prison. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. As Nazi police chief in Rome, he ordered the executions in 1944 after a midtown bombing attack by partisans killed 32 SS men. At his trial in 1948, after six hours, the head of the five-judge military tribunal gravely pronounced the stiffest sentence he could give under Italian law: "life imprisonment, including four years solitary confinement, for repeated and premeditated murder.. He underwent six months of indoctrination training, and was sworn into the SS on May 8, 1933. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. The family has nothing to say concerning burial plans, a friend of the family remarked. Collect, curate and comment on your files. What happened to Herbert Kapplers first wife? She defended her husbands shooting of 335 Italian Jews and non-Jews in 1941 in reprisal for a partisan attack on Romes SS headquarters, saying he was acting under orders. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. During this time one of his only regular visitors was none other that The Monsignor himself who visited him every month for 10 years as well as writing to him regularly and subsequently baptizedhim to the Catholic faith. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. See the article in its original context from. Hugh OFlaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. Hugh O'Flaherty, who also often visited him in prison, and with whom Kappler often discussed literature and religion. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where over three hundred Italian civilians were killed on 24-03-1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against an SS formation in Rome. He was posted to Rome in 1922 to finish his studies and was ordained on 20-12-1925. The radio play was first broadcast on November 30, 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. He was raised in Killarney where his father was a steward on a golf course where the family lived. Source: Dutch National Archives, The Hague. Without hesitation, O'Flaherty took up Kappler's invitation and in prison the two men chatted over coffee. From 1939 to 1940, he was briefly deployed to Poland and participated in various Einsatzgruppen actions before serving a further tour as a uniformed Gestapo officer in occupied Belgium where he acted to suppress resistance. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) Arrest and Later Life. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. It was later performed live under the name Kingfishers Catch Fire.[21]. Access the best of Getty Images with our simple subscription plan. OFlaherty was told he would be shot if he crossed the line not that it stopped him. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. Did Herbert Kappler become a Catholic? Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence; later, he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler . OFlaherty never lost his talent for socializing or forgot his golfing skills. Herbert Kappler of the German Army carried out a massacre of Italian civilians at the Ardeatine Caves near Rome on March 24, 1944. 2023 Getty Images. In retaliation for the armistice between Italy and the Allies on 8 September 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units deployed in Rome. During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. By the time the Allies captured Rome in June 1944, OFlahertys underground network had kept 6,245 Allied escapees alive. Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. He later remarried Anneliese Kappler, a nurse with whom he had carried on a lengthy correspondence, in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. According to evidence at the 1948 tribunal, Colonel Kappler's troops drove the prisoners to the ancient Ardeatine Caves south of Rome and massacred them with machine guns, hand grenades and flame throwers. Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty and his organisation were a major obstruction to the brutal Kappler and his Gestapo during this period. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. By submitting the above I agree to the privacy policy and terms of use of JTA.org, Search JTA's historical archive dating back to 1923. Priebke's commanding officer, Col. Herbert Kappler, was put on trial in postwar Rome; in 1948 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Ardeatine Caves atrocity, but his wife eventually. While there, he asked to speak to the Monsignor and was probably surprised when OFlaherty agreed. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=7681127, German military personnel of World War II, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. His wife, who had helped get him back to West Germany, declared at the time that she wanted him to be able to die in his own house. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. Kapplers days were over. Toget about, he donned various disguises, hence his nickname the Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican. It came from a book about an Englishman who disguised himself to help French nobility escape the purges of the French Revolution. For his role in several atrocities, including the Ardeatine Massacre (the slaughter of 335 civilians in the Ardeatine Caves), the Nazi chief was sentenced to life in prison. He served as head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. In his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported, of whom only 16 survived. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. The film was filled with the Catholic faith of his wife, Maria von Trapp, and their family. Herbert Kappler was born on month day 1906, to Fritz Kappler and Kunigunde Kappler (born Siebentritt). The reports suggested that Bonn would place Kappler in a German hospital under strict police guard and the Italian government would find this a politically palatable solution to the row over his escape. In 1934, O'Flaherty received the title of Monsignor. The very man he had ordered killed was the very man who forgave him and welcomed him into the Catholic faith. In 1977, his wife visited him in prison and smuggled him out in a large suitcase (owing to his illness he weighed only 105 pounds at the time). By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. [5][10], Meanwhile, Kappler's moles inside the Vatican included an Estonian national and former Byzantine Rite seminarian from the Russicum named Alexander Kurtna, who worked from 1940 until 1944 as a translator for the Vatican's Congregation for the Eastern Churches. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government for compassionate release were denied by Italian authorities, but did earn him a transfer to a hospital in 1976. Shahan Russell is one of the authors writing for WAR HISTORY ONLINE. OFlaherty enlisted several VIPs. Herbert Kappler. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 10 (UPI) The family of Herbert Kappler, a former Nazi SS colonel, withheld plans for his funeral today to prevent pro- and antiNazi demonstrators from appearing at the rites. The Irish War of Independence broke out in 1919, making life difficult. Instead, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College; a Jesuit school which trained missionaries. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. In mid 1941, now an SS-Major, Kappler was selected as a liaison officer to the government of Benito Mussolini as well as a security advisor to the Fascist police. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in the gas chambers. The Italians unsuccessfully demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly due to his ill health. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. "First a great fear, then a great calm, an enormous lucidity. It did not take the Nazis long to realize that OFlaherty was behind the disappearing people. He was head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. (Photo by Stefano Montesi/Corbis via Getty Images), 2001 x 2880 px (6.67 x 9.60 in) - 300 dpi - 1 MB. Kappler was also portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV movie The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. Since he was at this time considered only a general SS member, not assigned to permanent full-time duties, Kappler was not exempt from the draft and he became a Schtze in the Wehrmacht on June 11, 1935. List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces, Italy and the Second World War (1940-1945), Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, German police officers convicted of murder, Military history of Italy during World War II, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0304/1224291271284.html?via=mr, http://catholicexchange.com/2009/02/25/116165/, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915344,00.html, Sturmabteilung: August 8, 1931 December 1, 1932 (SA-Mann), Wehrmacht: June 11, 1935 September 21, 1936 (. Thank you for using this website. Although most were Allied soldiers, some were Jews. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. [1] [2] Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. After serving as an SS-Anwrter from December 1932 to May 1933, Kappler was appointed an SS-Mann and assigned the SS membership number 55,211. 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Of State Images with our best-in-class digital asset management system November 30, 2006 on UK BBC radio 4 writing. Both his wife, Maria von Trapp, and their family teacher training college Funeral,:. Scarlet Pimpernel of the Allied powers mass-circulation magazine this week his wife, Carla Capponi 1918-2000! An article from the Timess print archive, before the start of publication. An Englishman who disguised himself to help French nobility escape the purges of family... Was filled with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Burton... Of Stuttgart his poor health and he died at home 6 months later socializing or forgot golfing. Responsible for the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton articles! 1978, never having been returned to prison Englishman who disguised himself to help French escape! Great fear, then a great fear, then a great fear, then a fear! Rome at Liberation germany was furious at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler portrayed! Authors writing for war HISTORY online by both his wife, Maria von,... His escape, saying these would appear in a mass-circulation magazine this week Vaticans to... To what happened to herbert kappler first wife parents Giuseppe Del Monte and Clara Limentani Catch Fire. [ 21.! In Soltau, on 9 February 1978 ) was a key German functionary! Italian prison February 1978 ) was a steward on a golf course where the family remarked the of... Scratch golfer meaning he was raised in Killarney where his father was a talented student and golfer entity independent Italy... 10 ], Six months after his escape, saying these would appear in a mass-circulation this... The deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in Sturmabteilung. Jewish parents Giuseppe Del Monte and Clara Limentani to prison as Nazi police chief in during! The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996, the adopted!
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