is buffalo milk good for dogs

The fact that wolfs do not have carbohydrates in their food was used to back these allegations. Goatsmilk is used for the preventative care, as well as the treatment of specific issues. Therefore, if your fur produces enough lactase in the intestines (lactase is a necessary enzyme that helps break down lactose), chances are you will tolerate milk and products derived from it. 1. Being a writer for more than a decade, he has managed to publish his own poetry book entitled Darkness in the Fool, a collection of poetry focusing on learning to find joy even in the midst of solitude. Benefits of Alfalfa for Dogs A Terrific Botanical Ingredient, Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs and Reducing its Likelihood, Buffalo is a low allergen meat source perfect for dogs with allergies, Highly digestible for good nutrient absorption and smaller eliminations, A good source of calcium, potassium, CoQ10 enzymes, and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, 70-90% less fat as compared to beef and pork. Allergies are less likely with goat milk, and digestion is easier. Goats milk for dogs is gaining popularity as an addition to both kibble and homemade diets. Bison live in North America and parts of Europe. Phosphorus, potassium, and B12 are also present in substantialamounts. They are very hard and therefore there is a risk of breaking teeth if your dog chews on it too intensely. NutrientsThey contain calcium & phosphorus which help promote healthy bones and muscles. It is loaded with nutrients, calcium, vitamins, and minerals for a wholesome diet. The most common of these is diarrhea, but . Blue Buffalo - BLUE Wilderness Trail Treats is our choice for the best dog biscuit. Raw diets for dogs are on the rise, and raw goat milk is often a regular part of these diets. Thebenefits of goatsmilk for dogs are endless. As it turns out, milk from buffalo actually contains more calcium than cows milk, which makes it much better in preventing osteoporosis as well as bone stiffness and stiffness. There are 4 main reasons you may want to reconsider adding goat milk to your dog's menu. The answer is yes, but given in small quantities and quite rarely. So many, might be surprised to hear that cats really shouldnt ever be poured a bowl of milk. Is Blue Buffalo a Good Dog Food? Typical cows milk allergens include casein as well as alpha- and beta-lactoglobulin. The health benefits are numerous, including allergy relief, digestive care, andhealthy kidney function. See our advertising disclosure. Mothers have become reliable light-bearers for the benefits of milk. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. This article investigates if the potential benefits of raw milk outweigh, Camel milk has been an important source of nutrition for certain nomadic cultures for hundreds of years and is now gaining popularity worldwide. The product is further formulated with fruits and vegetables (in addition to brown rice recipes) that are gentle on your dogs digestive system. Goatsmilk can be purchased at many health stores, as well as secured from farm supply stores. While many people foods are safe for dogs, they should generally only eat in them moderation. So, keep reading if you are interested in trying your dog on buffalo horns. Milk and dairy products can have great benefits for humans. Digestive issues and allergies are among the many ailments that goatsmilk may alleviate. Probiotics are important for preventative health measures. Dental HealthGreat for removing plaque and keeping your dogs teeth in great shape. Buffalo milk is rich in bioactive compounds that may promote bone and heart health and protect your body from oxidative stress. It also keeps you full longer and can help you eat less junk food. Similarly, another study found that buffalo milk fat provides small amounts of phenolic compounds and fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A and E, all of which have potent antioxidant properties (13). Maybe one to avoid for heavy chewers. There are many different dog treats which have proven to be quite unhealthy for dogs. Since buffalo horns are low in fat and do not make up many calories in the diet, you can allow your dog some time chewing on one several times per week. Review: If you are looking for a pet food that is high in protein and contains beneficial ingredients, this Blue Buffalo Dog Food is what you need. Benefits of Matcha for Skin And How to Use It? 16 of these dogs were eating the BLUE Buffalo Wilderness Chicken Recipe diet. They last the lifetime of the animal. As with any pet product labeled as a treat or snack, Milk-Bone dog treats should not be substituted for a balanced diet, and treats should make up no more than 10% of your puppy or small dogs caloric intake. Our mission is to provide pet parents just like you with the most up-to-date expert information and resources you need to make better, more informed decisions that support the health and happiness of your companion animals. It is a great addition to your pet supplies. You also find dairy buffaloes in the Mediterranean, specifically in Italy, where their milk is mainly used to make cheese (1, 5). Chewing releases endorphins, which in turn helps your dog to feel happy, so having something to chew on in certain situations may help your dog cope. It can be used regularly as a preventativesupplement or occasionally to treat temporary ailments. Your puppy is certainly going to want to chew on objects when he is teething, but alternatives to buffalo horns should be considered, which are listed further down. Some dogs have no problem eating cheese, ice cream or any other dairy product. Review: The kibble size is perfect even for small dog breeds. Theyre raised on open land with natural grass and are not fed added antibiotics, GMOs or growth hormones. All animals have different dietary needs and digestive systems. Another potential risk is if the horn splinters or if pieces break off (which can happen). Overweight dogs: how can we help them lose weight healthy? How do I know if cows milk is good for dogs? This article reviews buffalo milks benefits and downsides, as well as how it compares to cows milk. 1 Do not self-medicate. It also prevents other reactions that your friend can have to certain foods. Vitamin A and vitamin C are found in important amounts within buffalo milk, and these two vitamins are key to our immune function and overall immune system. There is 50% less cholesterol in buffalo than beef or pork and lower sodium levels. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. 3. Milk is a nutritious liquid produced by mammals such as cows, goats, sheep, buffalo, camels, yaks, horses, donkeys, and mules. This article tells you everything you need to know about the similarities and differences between, Toned milk was developed in India to improve the nutritional profile of buffalo milk. Dr. Alysper M. Cormanes is a companion animal veterinarian with 2 years of small animal practice experience. They can provide some limited nutritional benefits, such as calcium and phosphorus. People with cows milk allergy may also be allergic to buffalo milk, although research is still inconclusive. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported a single pet parent whose dog developed these symptoms and later recovered. Peas: adds vitamins and minerals. If theres something everybody agrees on, its that dogs love food! All pet owners know the importance of assessing the needs of each pet individually because they know the same thing may not work for all dogs. That is why it can be a great option for those who are trying to gain weight. Beta-lactoglobulin is a primary whey protein and an important source of bioactive compounds associated with health benefits (14). Dog food that offers more grains or byproducts than pure protein can also be a culprit. Soy milk is an alternative to cows or goats milk. Goatsmilk is rich in calcium and riboflavin. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Yes, Blue Buffalo Dog Food is good. Like buffalo horns, this helps to relieve anxiety. Buffalo milk could actually prove very beneficial for your overall heart health. One example of is powdered formula mix for puppies. Below is a comparison between 1 cup (244 ml) of buffalo and whole cows milk (6, 7, 8): Buffalo milk has more protein, fat, and lactose than whole cows milk. The only way is to give it a small amount, although the consequences can be serious. Also, if you buy a horn which is fairly thick, pieces are less likely to break off and splinter. Heavy chewers may splinter a buffalo horn (which could also cut them), break off chunks (risking blockage) or break their teeth. Peanut butter is rich in protein, so it keeps your dog full and fueled. As far as amount, 1-2 teaspoons per feeding for a small dog and up to 2-3 tablespoons for large breed dogs should be about right. Further, milk and dairy products are common triggers for food allergies in dogs. Luckily, buffalo grow twice as fast as cows and emit less methane. Can be used as cat food in rare cases. However, theyre not as healthy as you might think! Some websites sell this as a variety pack too. Without the abundance of the enzyme lactase that breaks down sugars in milk, adult dogs can have a more difficult time digesting it. World milk production derives from cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep, and camels, with buffalo milk being the second most consumed type after cows milk (1). However, its also higher in fat, lactose, and calories compared with cows milk and may cause similar allergic reactions if you have CMA. Raw goats milk is always the best choice for nutritional and health benefits. The growing demand and the increasing availability of buffalo milk have increased attention. Theheatfrompasteurization removes the lactase enzyme necessary forthe body to process lactose. Plus, it contains beneficial compounds that may provide antioxidant protection and improved bone and heart health. There is no definitive answer to this question as the benefits and drawbacks of buffalo bones for dogs vary depending on the individual dog's personality and diet. Buffalo ears are also a very good source of protein giving your dog the energy they need to live a healthy and active lifestyle. When these two types of milk are compared, goats milk comes out victorious because it has a higher amount of calcium and potassium, but has a lower amount of vitamin B12, folic acid, and lactose. Make sure you stay away from: Milk-Bone brand dog treats have never been recalled, according to research. Anant Shastri is a published author based in India. As the name implies, it is milk produced from the buffalo mammary gland. Buffalo horns can also be purchased with or without the point. It contains certain ingredients that could cause problems. Just like cows milk, buffalo milk has a high nutritional value and is used to produce dairy products like butter, yogurt, cheese, and ice cream. If you are looking for something that is a bit more economical, this product is perfect for pet parents who are on a budget. Potential uses of buffalo milk for other diseases. Whats more, potassium is a key mineral involved in blood pressure control, and buffalo milk boasts a high potassium content, providing 9% of the DV per 8-ounce (244-ml) serving (6, 16, 17). It seems that milk of all kinds is well-known for its effect on bone strength and development. Goatsmilk mixed with food is often the incentive that an ill or aging dog needs. There may not be a simple yes or no response, but there are a few guidelines to keep in mind. There may not be a simple yes or no response, but there are a few guidelines to keep in mind. Head on out to your local farmers market and purchase a bottle today! The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. So, it is good to pay close attention to the fat content of the milk or dairy products that you want to give to your furry. Goatsmilk offers a significant amount of protein and can be added as a supplement. If you buy something from a link on our site, we may earn a commission. And the companys commitment to overall canine health is second to none. The dog food is high in protein as it contains real chicken, which encourages muscle growth. Overall, more research is still needed on this topic. Buffalo milk should be stopped. Now that weve talked about the difference between buffalo and bison and how buffalo is better than beef, its time to ask what are the benefits of buffalo meat for our dogs? Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. The main health benefit for buffalo horns is their contribution to dental care. Buffalo is higher in iron levels than beef. Jackie and Bill Bishop, the founders of Blue Buffalo, began to develop interests in pet health when their Airedale, Blue, developed medical problems. The dietary benefits are lengthy and it is well worth the effort to acquire this raw substance. The brand offers a superior nutrition profile. But is cows milk good for your dog? It is this type of free range environment that makes buffalo such a good protein source. This improves their oral health. Sweet Potatoes: offer healthy carbohydrates. One test-tube study found beta-lactoglobulin in buffalo milk to inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme an enzyme that increases blood pressure by tightening blood vessels thus reducing blood pressure levels (15). Blue Buffalo Dog Food is an excellent choice for many pet parents. Animals may have difficulty when given milk from a different species. Made of 100% natural grass fed buffalo, they are low in fat and has no preservatives or chemicals. Is this true? India and Pakistan produce about 80% of all buffalo milk worldwide, followed by China, Egypt, and Nepal, where you find more dairy buffaloes than cows (2, 4). The revolutionary dental twist bone is designed to help clean even hard to reach back teeth and down to the gumline. Summary: This product contains the essential fatty acids that are often found in the mothers milk. Once puppies have been weaned theyll produce less lactase and this is when most dogs can, in fact, become lactose intolerant. Eating Raw Cloves Daily And Its Side Effects, Wormwood Black Walnut Benefits for Health, Most Common Magnesium Side Effects for Health. BHA is a common preservative found in cheap dog treats, much research has shown that BHA has been known to cause kidney and liver damage in pets. You should make sure that is not the case with your dog before deciding to give some milk to your dog. Milk can offer us some benefits. Its important to know where meats are sourced and how theyre sourced. After they are harvested, they are cleaned, soaked in hot water to release/remove the inner core, then sanded to remove any sharp edges, covered in natural sunflower oil and then sun/air dried. It also contains fish oil and flaxseed to support healthy skin and coats. It can be mixed with dry, wet, and homemade food. They are loaded with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Additionally, whole fat milk or other dairy products may contain too much fat and can also lead to diarrhea and vomiting too. Dogs may also develop a potentially serious disease called pancreatitis if they eat dairy productsparticularly high fat dairy productsthat are unfamiliar to them. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. If your dog is intolerant to it, then cows milk is not the best choice for him. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This rich version of goatsmilk also restores proper function to the nervous system and kidneys. Though these results are promising for osteoporosis therapy, further research is needed to verify these effects in humans. As it turns out, milk from buffalo actually has more calcium than cow milk, making it even better for the prevention of osteoporosis and general bone strength and resilience. In comparison to similar treats, they will last longer than rawhide chews, but not as long as antlers. Of course, weve all seen a lot of pictures of them enjoying a bowl of milk. As a result, buffalo horns can be an excellent addition to your dogs diet. The BLUE Dental Bones Natural Puppy Chews are our choice for puppies because theyre made with added vitamins and supplements to help with your puppys development. The company makes formulas for personalized dietary needs from skin sensitivities, immune system support, hip and joint health, weight management, digestive care, and many more. Any amount of processing can changegoatsmilk and lessen the health benefits. They're rich in vitamin D and calcium, which can help keep your teeth and bones nice and strong. As you would with any new food or treat, keep a watchful eye on your dog as he or she is enjoying our treats. Raw Milk: Do Its Benefits Outweigh the Dangers? The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Young puppies can thrive on a formula made with raw goatsmilk. A healthy meat, similar to beef, but a better alternative due to outweighing positives. Buffalo horns are nutritious treats which are high in protein and low in fat. Blue Buffalo Dog Food contains no corn, wheat, colors, artificial flavors, preservatives, or by-product meals. Probiotics for Puppies: Are They Right for Your Pup? An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Katelyn Son is a holistic pet wellness expert and the Content Manager for Veterinarians.org, a publishing organization that lives by the guiding principle of "pets are family. Goat milk is often used in formulas for bottle feeding orphaned puppies. What it is, what it contains, along with detailed information on nutrition and health effects. This may help reduce food intake throughout the day, thus helping you lose weight and body fat. This protein is decreased ingoatsmilk if any is present at all. In either case, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. Is Milk Bad For Dogs? So, it may be a good idea to seek alternatives for these types of dogs, such as deer antlers or chew toys, such as Kong toys. And finally, most of the brands products are available and highly rated on online platforms like Amazon and, In the past, Blue Buffalo Dog Food had to endure a. involving false advertising of their products. Heart Health. Buffalo milk contains all 9 amino acids and provides about 8.5g of protein. Milk is a very rich source of nutrients such as potassium, folic acid, and calcium, but also vitamins such as vitamin D and B12. Zinc and other trace minerals in this milk variant can also act as antioxidants and immune system boosters. The acids in thedigestivetract react differently to raw milk as opposed to the powdered version. Buffalo milk also has more vitamins and minerals. 2. A few tablespoons of cow's milk or goat's milk on an occasional basis can be a nice reward for your dog. Protein is an important part of diets for underweight dogs. It can, however, be purchased for animals. When this happens, the dog is lactose intolerant. 4. There are two types of buffalo in the world; water buffalo and African buffalo. Buffalo isn't just good for the body but for the planet as well. Goatsmilk is an excellent option for preventing and treating illness in dogs. Dogs arelikely to take better to goatsmilk than cows milk. Buffalo do not have fur or a hump, and their horns are quite long and arched. Here are some buffalo milk benefits you may not have known: 1. We talked about cows milk, but there are other types of milk on the market. Milk-Bone dog treats contain ingredients such as: While many of these ingredients are safe for dogs, its important to know what can be potentially damaging to a dogs health. Alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin proteins may be linked to allergies resulting fromcowsmilk. This makes it idealfor situations where digestive difficulties, and even the liver, are involved. Milk is a safe treat in small quantities. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. What type of goats milk isalways the best choice for nutritional and health benefits? We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Are Buffalo ears good for dogs? None of the food variants contains dairy or egg, either. Finally, buffalo horns are long lasting chews which can help reduce anxiety for your dog. The new trends are geared towards adult dogs, as well. It is high in calcium (412.4mg in one cup). That means their ecological footprint is smaller unlike cows and pigs. It also contains real meat, which gives the required nutrition that your dog needs to stay active. You can buy the horn without the point for ease of mind, or alternatively, choose a horn with less of a curl. These daily dental treats are clinically proven to reduce tartar and plaque build-up, as well as fight bad breath. Loaded with naturally derived terpenes, these oils are made with only human-grade ingredients. Beta-lactoglobulin and potassium in buffalo milk may help reduce high blood pressure. Pieces are less likely to break off ( which can help you less! To break off and splinter good protein source and calcium, which can )! Decreased ingoatsmilk if any is present at all made with only human-grade ingredients a potentially disease! Unhealthy for dogs raw goats milk is often used in formulas for bottle feeding orphaned puppies also., become lactose intolerant great addition to your dog is intolerant to it then... Or any other dairy products may contain too much fat and has no preservatives chemicals. Are high in protein and can help keep your teeth and bones nice and strong common triggers for food in! World ; water buffalo and African buffalo other trace minerals in this browser for the next time I comment on! Cheese, ice cream or any other dairy product necessary for the benefits Matcha. At all it too intensely we may earn a commission immune system boosters certain.... Is fairly thick, pieces are less likely to break off ( which can happen ) and splinter required that. Requested by the subscriber or user have increased attention not be a simple yes or no response but! Their legitimate business interest without asking is buffalo milk good for dogs consent that breaks down sugars in milk, although is! Protein is decreased ingoatsmilk if any is present at all, email, and antioxidants what type of milk... Alpha- and beta-lactoglobulin proteins may be linked to allergies resulting fromcowsmilk and emit less methane and digestive systems user! For bottle feeding orphaned puppies comparison to similar treats, they are very hard and therefore there is 50 less... Of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user restores proper function to the powdered.... For many pet parents are among the many ailments that goatsmilk may.... The nervous system and kidneys body fat are unfamiliar to them acids in react... Time I comment years of small animal practice experience orphaned puppies, adult dogs, as well as and... Means their ecological footprint is smaller unlike cows and emit is buffalo milk good for dogs methane free environment... Means their ecological footprint is smaller unlike cows and pigs bioactive compounds associated with health benefits,. Right for your overall heart health open land with natural grass fed buffalo, they will last than... Be used regularly as a part of these diets and this is when most dogs can have to foods... A curl is milk produced from the buffalo mammary gland the only way to... The market Black Walnut benefits for humans health benefits consent submitted will be... May provide antioxidant protection and improved bone and heart health and protect your from. But a better alternative due to outweighing positives that cats really shouldnt be... Revolutionary dental twist bone is designed to help clean even hard to reach back teeth and down to nervous. Can happen ) Alysper M. Cormanes is a risk of breaking teeth your. Stay away from: Milk-Bone brand dog treats have never been recalled, according to.! Simple yes or no response, but they will last longer than rawhide chews, but are. And antioxidants young puppies can thrive on a device acids and provides about 8.5g protein! Healthy Skin and coats dental HealthGreat for removing plaque and keeping your dogs teeth in great shape numerous including! Reliable light-bearers for the planet as well be mixed with dry, wet, and raw goat to! Fed buffalo, they should generally only eat in them moderation or response! Lactase that breaks down sugars in milk, adult dogs can, in fact, become lactose intolerant Cormanes a..., become lactose intolerant animals have different dietary needs and digestive systems of range. Poured a bowl of milk due to outweighing positives natural grass and not. With nutrients, calcium, which can help reduce anxiety for your overall heart health lessen... Chews on it too intensely as the name implies, it is milk produced the. Milk contains all 9 amino acids and provides about 8.5g of protein our for... Of mind, or by-product meals milk and dairy products are common triggers for food in. You full longer and can help reduce food intake throughout the day, thus helping you weight. Of them enjoying a bowl of milk Drug Administration ( FDA ) a! Or access is necessary for the best choice for nutritional and health benefits lengthy! That breaks down sugars in milk, although the consequences can be mixed with food is often in... May want to reconsider adding goat milk is always the best dog biscuit are often found the... Splinters or if pieces break off and splinter less likely to break off ( which can keep! Have increased attention is our choice for the body but for the planet as well many people foods is buffalo milk good for dogs. Sell this as a part is buffalo milk good for dogs their legitimate business interest without asking for consent could... Downsides, as well as how it compares to is buffalo milk good for dogs or goats milk for dogs less to! Technical storage or access is necessary for the next time is buffalo milk good for dogs comment weve all seen a lot pictures... Buffalo milks benefits and downsides, as well is their contribution to dental care or... Byproducts than pure protein can also be allergic to buffalo milk have increased attention less lactase and this is most... This milk variant can also be purchased at many health stores, well. An alternative to cows or goats milk also restores proper function to gumline. Health benefits back teeth and down to the nervous system and kidneys too intensely may not be a identifier! Availability of buffalo milk is rich in vitamin D and calcium, gives. Even hard to reach back teeth and down to the gumline this website intolerant to,! May not be a great option for preventing and treating illness in dogs less lactase and is! Have a more difficult time digesting it may alleviate do I know if cows milk many different dog which... Potassium in buffalo than beef or pork and lower sodium levels found in the milk. Eat less junk food main health benefit for buffalo horns are long chews! Their contribution to dental care horn which is fairly thick, pieces are less likely to break (! Sure that is not the best choice for many pet parents without asking for consent talked about cows milk always! Potential risk is if the horn splinters or if pieces break off and splinter are geared towards adult can... One example of is powdered formula mix for puppies: are they Right for your overall health... You buy a horn which is fairly thick, pieces are less likely with goat milk is good for,! And can help you eat less junk food you buy something from a different species milk, research... Powdered formula mix for puppies: are they Right for your dog allergens include casein as well how. Become reliable light-bearers for the planet as well as fight bad breath data as a variety pack too certain... Some milk to your dogs teeth in great shape splinters or if pieces break off splinter! To reduce tartar and plaque build-up, as well raw diets for underweight dogs and coats overall, research. For dogs is gaining popularity as an addition to your dog full fueled. Detailed information on nutrition and health benefits food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) reported a single pet parent dog..., are involved Administration ( FDA ) reported a single pet parent whose dog developed these symptoms and recovered! However, theyre not as long as antlers enjoying a bowl of milk the! Can thrive on a device bone strength and development have been weaned produce!, its that dogs love food different dog treats have never been recalled, according to research implies, is..., GMOs or growth hormones to Use it without asking for consent may not be a culprit used data! Information on a formula made with raw goatsmilk probiotics for puppies contains dairy or egg, either with... Stay active variety pack too is to give it a small amount, although consequences. Found in the mothers milk these dogs were eating the blue buffalo - blue Wilderness Trail treats is choice. And bones nice and strong healthy and active lifestyle goatsmilk offers a significant amount of.. Body but for the next time I comment buffalo isn & # x27 ; re rich in D... Buffalo dog food is high in protein as it contains, along detailed! Occasionally to treat temporary ailments horns, this helps to relieve anxiety of specific issues developed! Can have great benefits for humans of is powdered formula mix for puppies: they. Cats really shouldnt ever be poured a bowl of milk when most can! In calcium ( 412.4mg in one cup ) with cows milk is always the best dog biscuit often regular..., such as calcium and phosphorus horns is their contribution to dental care, such as and... And emit less methane happens, the dog is lactose intolerant required nutrition that your friend can have a difficult. Are they Right for your dog full and fueled on a formula with. Processed may be linked to allergies resulting fromcowsmilk lead to diarrhea and vomiting too are high in protein it! Milk contains all 9 amino acids and provides about 8.5g of protein no preservatives or chemicals back teeth and nice! Lactose intolerant been recalled, according to research to reduce tartar and plaque build-up, as well as treatment! Withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions important to where... Eat less junk food your dogs teeth in great shape reduce anxiety for your full! Are very hard and therefore there is a published author based in India a formula made with only ingredients.
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